The American Psychological Association (APA) style guide is commonly used for writing research papers and citations in the social sciences field. When writing a research paper in APA style, there are specific formatting guidelines for the sections that must be included. The main sections are the title page, abstract, introduction, method, results, discussion, and references. Each section serves an important purpose and follows specific formatting rules.
Title Page
The title page should contain a shortened version of the full title of the research paper in all capital letters centered in the upper half of the page. This title should not exceed 12 words. Below the title should be the author’s name and institutional affiliation centered on separate lines. The page number for the title page is page 1 but the number is not written or displayed. The title page introduces the topic of the paper and identifies the author and institution so readers know where the research originated. It sets the stage for what is contained within the paper.
Abstract
The abstract appears on page 2 and consists of a single paragraph summary of the key elements of the research paper. It is typically between 150-250 words and does not include references, citations, headings, or subheadings. The abstract provides readers with a brief preview of the purpose, problem or issue being addressed, participants, methods used, main findings or trends discovered, and conclusions drawn from the research. It allows readers to quickly review how the paper will be organized and what will be discussed without reading the full paper. Keywords are also included at the bottom of the abstract to aid in searches of the research topic.
Introduction
The introduction section begins on page 3 and provides context and background on the research topic and problem being addressed. It opens with a general introduction to the topic that narrows down to the specific problem, issue or hypothesis being investigated. The introduction reviews relevant literature, cites previous research from credible scholarly sources, and identifies the gap that the current study aims to address. A clear thesis statement conveying the purpose and objectives of the research paper is presented toward the end of the introduction section. Hypotheses being tested are also included if applicable. The introduction creates interest in the topic and problem and justifies why the research is important and needed.
Method
The method section begins on a new page and describes how the research was conducted to address the problem and hypotheses outlined in the introduction. It provides detail on the research design, participants or subjects, materials or instruments used in data collection, and procedures followed. For experimental research, independent and dependent variables are identified. Quantitative studies discuss measures and scales used while qualitative studies cite data collection techniques like interviews, observations or focus groups. The method section allows readers to assess the validity, reliability and reproducibility of the study. It provides transparency on how the data was collected and analyzed so results can be properly interpreted. Ethical considerations in participant treatment and confidentiality are also addressed.
Results
The results section reports the analysis of data collected using the methods previously described. It uses clear headings to present results in a logical sequence. Tables and figures are included to display statistical analysis and significant findings from the study. Direct quotes or examples from qualitative data may also be presented. Numerical data is reported using appropriate statistical language while qualifying any unusual results. Results are not yet interpreted or discussed, they simply state what was found through the methods used without drawing conclusions. The aim is to summarize key results objectively for readers to assess.
Discussion
The discussion section begins a new page and provides an interpretation of how the results relate to the problem or hypothesis presented. It does not just restate the results but explains what they mean in the context of previous literature. Significant and unexpected findings are addressed along with limitations of the study and areas for future research. Connections are made between the results and wider theories or applications of the topic. The implications of the findings are considered and their contribution to understanding the original research problem is assessed. The discussion ties everything together and provides closure on the purpose of the paper presented in the introduction.
References
The final section lists complete references for all in-text citations used within the body of the paper. References are arranged alphabetically by last name of first author. Referencing allows readers to track sources of information and provides credibility to statements made. It also gives proper credit to other scholars and avoids plagiarism. The reference section follows specific APA referencing guidelines for formatting sources like books, journal articles, reports, websites and more. Correct formatting is important for consistency and ease of identification.
Following the standard APA format for a research paper ensures each section presents information in a clear, logical flow. Readers are guided through the purpose and background, methods, key results, and interpretation/significance of the study. Sections are distinct but flow cohesively from introduction to conclusion. Formatting rules provide uniformity that builds credibility. Adhering to APA style guidelines is important for academic research to be considered valid and taken seriously by peers.
Andrew Stroud