Formatting a research paper is probably one of the most challenging aspects of the writing process. Students need to know how to properly format sections like the title page, abstract, main body, citations, and bibliography. The formatting style used plays an important role in clearly conveying the information to readers. Two of the most common formatting styles for research papers are APA and MLA. Whether you are using APA or MLA, here are the key formatting guidelines to follow for a research paper example:
Title Page (APA/MLA)
The title page should contain key pieces of identifying information. For APA, this includes the title of the paper, name of the author, and name of the institution. The page should be labeled as such. For MLA, only the title of the paper is necessary on the title page, it should be labeled with your name, instructor name, course name, and date on the upper left side. Font should be 12-point and title centered.
Abstract (APA Only)
An abstract is a short summary of the paper, typically 150-250 words. It provides readers with a preview of what is to come in the paper. An abstract is always placed on a separate page after the title page. It includes the running head aligned left and the word “Abstract” centered without formatting as a heading.
Table of Contents (MLA Optional)
A table of contents is only necessary for MLA if the paper is particularly long, over 10 pages. It lists main body sections and page numbers using tab indents for subsections. Font should be the same size as the main text.
Introduction
The introduction should introduce the topic, provide background, and state the purpose and/or research question(s) being explored. It is best to limit the introduction to one paragraph of 3-5 sentences for shorter papers (5-15 pages). Longer papers may have an introductory paragraph of 4-6 sentences with additional contextual body paragraphs.
Body Paragraph Structure (Both)
Body paragraphs should present information clearly and logically. Each paragraph should be limited to one main idea or topic. A topic sentence should introduce the main idea, with additional support and elaboration provided in subsequent sentences. Paragraph transitions should connect ideas between paragraphs.
Citations (Both)
In-text citations are included anytime a quote, paraphrase, or idea from another source is included. APA cites the last name of the author(s) and year in parentheses, while MLA uses the last name and page number. Both can be integrated into text or listed at the end of the sentence before the period.
For example, according to Smith (2020), “Mindfulness practices have been shown to reduce stress…” or Mindfulness practices have been shown to reduce stress…” (Smith 2020, 32).
Reference/Works Cited Page (Both)
A references page for APA or works cited page for MLA is included at the end of the paper and lists all in-text citations alphabetically by author last name. Full citations provide publication details in a consistent format. APA citations provide the author name, date, title, and publisher information. MLA citations provide the author, title, publisher, date published, and medium.
Conclusion
The conclusion should summarize key findings and relate them back to the research question or thesis. It should not introduce any new information but reiterate main points. It is best to avoid stating “In conclusion” and to limit conclusions to 1 short paragraph, particularly for shorter papers. Recommendations for practical application or areas for future research can be included as well.
Additional Elements
Page numbers should be included on all pages beyond the title page in the top right or centered top margin in APA/MLA. Long block quotes should be single-spaced and indented 1⁄2 inch on separate lines, citations included. Figures, images, tables should be kept to a minimum, especially in shorter papers. They need titles and captions beneath and should not repeat information given in the text. The paper should be double-spaced with consistent 12-point font like Times New Roman throughout. Margins should be 1 inch on all sides. Final paper should be spell-checked, grammar-checked, and proofread carefully for typos.
Formatting is an integral part of a research paper that allows readers to follow sources and understand the structure. Adhering to APA or MLA guidelines ensures visual consistency and clarity. As demonstrated in this research paper example, students need to pay close attention to formatting details such as title pages, citations, and references to properly convey their research. Mastering APA and MLA formatting will serve them well throughout their academic careers and future professional writing endeavors. Careful proofreading and adherence to guidelines will result in a polished, professional final research paper.