A literature review is a synthesis and evaluation of the research that has been conducted on a particular topic. It includes previous research available through academic journals, books, dissertations, and conference papers. The purpose of a literature review is to contribute context and understanding to a research problem. Writing a thorough and effective literature review requires following these key steps:
Choose a topic and conduct preliminary research
The first step is deciding on a research topic you want to explore. Conduct some initial research to understand what kind of information is available on your topic. Search academic databases and make a list of potential sources to review. Refine your topic based on the literature available. Having a clear understanding of your topic before starting your review will help focus your research.
Develop search terms and search academic databases
Once you have your topic refined, develop a list of search terms related to your topic. These can include keywords, names of important theorists or researchers, and concepts in your field of study. Search academic databases relevant to your field using these terms. Databases to search include JSTOR, Academic Search Premier, PubMed, and Google Scholar. Track all searched terms and databases to keep your bibliography organized as you research.
Evaluate sources and compile full-text articles
As you search databases, evaluate sources for their relevancy and credibility. Peer-reviewed journal articles and academic books are the most reliable sources for a literature review. Compile full-text versions of relevant sources to thoroughly read and analyze. Only include high quality, trustworthy sources that are connected to your research topic and questions.
Read sources critically and take detailed notes
Carefully read through all compiled sources with a critical eye. Take detailed notes summarizing each source, including methodology, findings, theories discussed, conclusions, limitations, etc. Identify the purpose and key arguments of each work. Note how sources relate to or contradict each other. Keep notes organized with your research so you can readily find information when writing your review.
Synthesize sources into common themes
Once you have analyzed all compiled sources, synthesize the information into common themes, theories, methods, findings, etc. Group related works together under overarching topics and concepts. This organization will form the structure of your review. Outline these themes and subtopics to map out the structure of your review.
Analyze and assess the state of current research
Using your outline and notes, analyze and critically assess the current state of research on your topic based on your synthesized findings. Discuss areas where there is agreement, as well as gaps, contradictions or uncertainties in the research. Identify strengths and limitations of methodologies employed. Consider how your research questions fit into or extend current knowledge.
Write your literature review
Using your outline and notes, write the review according to your chosen structure. Introduce the topic and purpose of the review. Synthesize and summarize major works under each theme. Evaluate and critique studies. Draw conclusions about the current state of the field. Identify areas in need of further study. Your writing should flow logically and provide context for your own research.
Revise and edit your review
Review your writing critically to ensure a fluid, cohesive argument is making its way through the text. Revise for clarity, transitions between topics, consistency in referencing style. Have others review it for quality of analysis, organization and writing. Make any necessary edits based on feedback. Your goal is a comprehensive, insightful review to set the stage for your own research.
Keep notes of additional works to include
As you publish and present your research, you will find new sources to incorporate in subsequent versions of your literature review. Maintain notes of any relevant works you find after your initial submission. Periodically update your review as your field continues to advance and develop. An effective literature review is a living document that evolves with ongoing scholarship.
Writing a thorough literature review takes time and focused effort. But it is fundamentally important for setting up meaningful research questions, demonstrating understanding of the field, and placing your own work in context. Following a sound methodology for conducting your review will ensure you produce a high quality synthesis that strengthens your study. The literature review establishes you as an informed scholar contributing valuable insights to your research area.