MLA Format Citation in Research Papers
The Modern Language Association (MLA) format is one of the major formatting styles used in academic writing, particularly in the humanities. When writing a research paper, especially on literature, languages, cultural studies and other related topics, MLA format is typically required. Ensuring proper citation in a research paper using MLA style is crucial, both to avoid plagiarism and to allow readers to locate and explore the sources consulted. This article provides an in-depth overview of how to properly format citations within the text and construct a works cited list at the end of a research paper using MLA style guidelines.
In-Text Citations
MLA in-text citations contain the last name of the author and a page number whenever ideas, paraphrases or direct quotes from a source are included in a paper. Place the citation as close to the relevant text as possible. For example:
As Smith (15) argues, “technology has greatly impacted the way we communicate.”
If no page number is available, omit it from the citation. When the author’s name isn’t mentioned in the text already, include it in the citation, for example:
Scholars have noted the increased use of technology in communication (Jones).
For sources with two authors, list both names every time the source is cited:
The study found meaningful results (Johnson and Smith 45).
For sources with three or more authors, list only the first author followed by “et al.”:
Recent research shows differing perspectives (Roberts et al. 22).
When citing multiple works by the same author, include the author’s last name and page number of each, separating with semi-colons:
While technology provides opportunities, concerns remain about privacy and data security (Smith 34; 42).
For sources without page numbers, like websites, omit the page number from the citation:
The organization’s website provides useful resources (JohnDoeFoundation).
Works Cited Page
At the end of the paper, include a Works Cited page that lists all sources used in the MLA format. List entries alphabetically by author’s last name or by title for sources without an author. Start each entry flush with the left margin and indent subsequent lines five spaces. Below are some common examples of Works Cited entries:
Article from Academic Journal
Author(s). “Title of Article.” Title of Journal, vol. Number, no. Number (Issue Date): page range.
Book
Author(s). Title. Publisher, publication date.
Website
Author(s), editor(s), or compiler(s) name (if available). “Title of Page.” Title of website, name of institution/organization affiliated with the site (sponsor or publisher), publication date, URL. Accessed date.
Report
Author(s), Title of Report, Organization that published the report, Report date.
Research on MLA format shows it is a style well suited to academic writing with a focus on the humanities. Proper citation of sources used within a paper is an essential component of the format. While MLA citations and reference style may seem complex at first, with some practice and use of the latest MLA Handbook researchers will be able to accurately cite their sources according to MLA format guidelines. Ensuring in-text citations are included for all relevant information from sources, as well as providing a complete Works Cited list, allows for informed referencing and avoids plagiarism. Mastering MLA style citation will benefit any researcher or student writing MLA format papers on literature, language, or humanities topics.