The Modern Language Association (MLA) format is one of the most commonly used styles for writing research papers, especially within the liberal arts and humanities disciplines. When compiling an MLA formatted research paper, the proper formatting of headings is important to guide the reader through the structure and organization of ideas. This article provides an in-depth look at how to properly format the various heading levels used within an MLA research paper.
There are three levels of headings used in MLA research papers: first-level headings, second-level headings, and third-level headings. All headings should be formatted as follows:
First-level headings should be centered and typed in a regular 12-point font. They should not be bolded, underlined, or italicized. First-level headings introduce major sections within the paper, such as the introduction, literature review, methodology, results, and conclusion sections.
Second-level headings should be located flush left and typed in a regular 12-point font. Like first-level headings, they should not be bolded, underlined, or italicized. Second-level headings provide more focused subdivisions within the major sections introduced by first-level headings.
Third-level headings should also be located flush left, but they should be typed in italics. They are used to break down second-level headings into even more focused subsections.
When determining what information requires a first, second, or third-level heading, consider how a reader would best follow the logical progression and organization of ideas. Headings that introduce entirely new major sections or topics generally require first-level headings. More narrowly focused points that further develop concepts from first-level headings often warrant second-level headings. The most specific details can then be formatted using third-level headings.
Headings should also be spaced purposefully throughout a research paper. In general, begin a new heading on a new page if there are two or more lines of text separating it from the preceding text or heading. Otherwise, include a blank line above and below headings. This strategic use of whitespace helps readers easily identify where one section ends and the next begins.
Here is a sample outline with properly formatted MLA headings:
Introduction
This first-level heading introduces the overall purpose and structure of the paper.
Thesis Statement
This second-level heading previews the main argument that will be developed throughout the subsequent sections.
Significance of the Study
As a third-level heading, this further clarifies the importance and necessity of exploring the topic covered in the thesis statement.
Literature Review
A new first-level heading introduces the analysis of related research and scholarship on the topic.
Existing Theories
A second-level heading identifies the predominant theories already established within the field.
Critiques of Prior Work
As a third-level heading, this delves into specific limitations or counterarguments concerning past studies.
Gaps in Research
Another second-level heading reveals how the current study will address deficiencies within the existing literature.
Methodology
Introduced by a first-level heading, this section explains the procedures and methods used to investigate the research question or problem.
Research Design
A second-level heading details the type of study (e.g. experiment, survey, case study) that was implemented.
Participants
As a third-level heading, more context is provided about the individuals or groups involved in the research.
Results
A new first-level heading signals the findings that emerged from carrying out the research methodology.
Quantitative Results
If applicable, a second-level heading organizes any numerical or statistical data obtained.
Qualitative Findings
Alternatively, a third-level heading structures descriptive observations or themes that surfaced during the study.
Discussion
Another first-level heading leads into an analysis and interpretation of the results.
Implications
A second-level heading explores what the outcomes mean within the broader context.
Limitations
As a third-level heading, potential weaknesses or boundaries of the study are acknowledged.
Conclusion
The final first-level heading wraps up the key takeaways and identifies opportunities for future research.
Properly formatted headings like these help convey the logical flow and internal organization of a research paper written in MLA style. Using the three appropriate heading levels strategically structures complex information and eases comprehension for readers. Mastering MLA headings is an essential element of producing polished, well-structured academic writing.